Adverb and conjunction

Name: Novi aulia Prodi: pbi Mk: reading Senester 1 ADVERB 1.Definition Of Adverb AnAdverbisaword,whichmodifiesaverb,anadjectiveoranotheradverb. 2.TypesOfAdverb Verbsaredididedintoeighttypes: a.AdverbOftime Thefollowingareadverbsthatstatethetimeoftheoccurrenceofajob,actionor event.Example:afterwards,already,before,frequently,now,today,soon,yesterday. b.AdverbOfplace Anadverbthatshowstheplacewhereanaction,actionoreventoccurs.Example:above, back,below,around,here,somewhere,there. c.AdverbOfmanner Anadverbthatexpresseshowajobisdoneoraneventoccurs.Example:carefully, fluently,slowly,sunddenly. d.AdverbOfdegree Isanadverbthatexpressestowhatextent(levelordegree)asituationoreventis. Usuallyexplains/modifiestheadjective/adjectiveoradverbitself.Example:Almost, enough,fairly,easilyetc. e.AdverbOffrequency Isanadverbthatstatestheamountorhowmuchajob,actionoreventisdone.Adverbofquantityisabouthowoftenthethingisdone.Example:Always,usually,never,ever, sometime,seldometc. Adverbofnumberisabouthow manytimeitisdone.Example:ones,twice,third, fourth,half,etc. f.AdverbOfaffirmation Anadverbthatexpressesaffirmation,emphasisorconfirmsananswer.Example: certainly,naturally,surely,ofcourse,absolutely,etc. g.IntrrogativeAdverb Itisanadverbthathelpstoform aquestion.Eachofthesetypesofdverbisrelatedto otheradverbs.Example:How(Introgativeadverbofmanner),where(Introgativeadverb ofplace),etc. h.RelativeAdverb Anadverbthatfunctionsasalinkbetweentwoclausesinasentence.Thewordsare thesameastheinterrogativeadverb,thedifferenceisonlyinitsposition,namelythe relativeadverbisusuallyplacedinthemiddleofthesentence(betweentwoclauses), whiletheinterrogativeadverbisatthebeginningofthesentence.Example:Iaskedhim howhewent(howisrelativeadverbofmanner),Iaskedhim wherehewent(whereis relativeadverbofplace),etc. 3.FormingOfAdverb Manyadverbareformedfromadjectives,withtheadditionofthesuffix“ly” Adjectives Adverb Busy Busily Great Greatly Happy Happily Quiet Quietly Slow Slowly Soft softly 4.AdverbInComparison Adverbslikeadjectivesgenerallyhavethree degreesofcomparison:positive, comparativeandsuperlativeinsimilarways. Someone-syllableadverbshave"-er"and"-est"addedtothepositiveform Example: Positive Comparative Superlative Fast Faster Fastest Hard Harder Hardest High Higher Highest Low Lower Lowest B.Adverbsoftwoormoresyllablesgenerallyhave"more”and"most"placedbeforethe positive Example: Positive Comparative Superlative attentively moreattentively mostattentively generously moregenerously mostgenerously impatienly moreimpatienly mostimpatiently Quickly morequickly mostquickly C.Afewadverbschangeinformaltogether(irregularcomparison) Example: Positive Comparative Superlative Well Better Best Much More Most Little less/lesser Least Late Later Last Badly Worse worst CONJUNCTION 1.DefinitionofConjunction Conjunctionsarewordsthatareusedtoconnectequivalentlanguageunits (words with words,phrases with phrases,clauses with clauses,sentences with sentences,andsoon). 2.Typesofconjunction HerearethetypesandexamplesofconjunctionsinEnglish. A.CompoundConjunctions Compoundconjunctionsareconjunctionsthatconnectthingsthatareequivalent,for examplesubjecttosubject,verbtoverb,objecttoobject,adverbtoadverb,adjectiveto adjective,etc. Compoundconjunctionsaredividedinto2,including: 1.CoordinateConjunction Merupakan kata sambung yang terdiridarisatu kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkankata,frasadanklausa.PadaCoordinationConjunction,terdapattujuh katasambungyangdapatdapatdisingkatmenjadiFANBOYS,ketujuhnyayakni: Member: F–A–N–B–O–Y–S Information: Coordination Conjunction Artinya For Karena And Dan Nor Dan…Tidak… But Tetapi Or Atau Yet Tetapi So Sehingga Example: 1)Shewasabsentyesterday,forshewassick. 2)IsSamsleepingorgoingsomewhere? a)FANBOYSisalwaysinthemiddleofasentenceorbetweentwosentences.Itisnot permissibletoputthematthebeginningofasentence.Example: CORRECT:Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog. INCORRECT:Forhewasafraidofthedog,thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt. However,otherconjunctionscanbeusedtoreplacethem atthebeginningofa sentence.Example: Becausehewasafraidofthedog,thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt. b)Theconjunctionsfor,yet,andsoalwaysconnectsentencesandacommaalways precedesthem. c)And,whenconnectingtwosentences,havethefollowingpunctuationmarks: -Itwasraininghard,andtherewasastrongwind. -Generally,conjunctionsbeginwithacommawhenconnectingtwosentences. twasraininghardandtherewasastrongwind. -Ifthesentencesconnectedareshortsentences,thecommascanbeomitted. -Itwasraininghard.Andtherewasastrongwind. -Ininformalwriting,youcanstartanewsentence. 2.CorrelativeConjunctions CorrelativeConjunctionadalahkatasambungyangkata,fraseataupunklausa dalam satukalimat,namunselaluhadirsecaraberpasangan.Anggotakatasambung korelatifdiantaranya: CorrelativeConjunction Artinya either…or… Jikabukan…Berarti… notonly…butalso… Tidakhanya…Tetapijuga… neither…nor… Baik…Maupun….Tidak both…and… Baik…Maupun… whether…or… JikaBukan…Berarti… Untuk penggunaannya, Correlative Conjunction dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkanantarSubjekataumenghubungkanantarKlausa.Untuklebihdetailnya simakpenjelasannyadibawahini: -UntukconjunctionBoth…And…selalubertemudenganverbplural/jamak -Sedangkan,untukNotOnly…ButAlso,Either…Or…,Whether…Or…danNeither…Nor… verbyangdigunakantergantungpadaSubjekkedua. ContohPenggunaan: 1)BothDianaandAzis(IS/ARE)Polite. 2)NotonlyDevibutalsoRirit(IS/ARE)FromKediri. 3)EitherYayanorJosu(LIKE/LIKES)Bakso. 4)NeitherSrinorherfriends(PLAY/PLAYS)Gadget. MenghubungkanAntarKlausa UntukconjunctionNotOnly…ButAlso… danNeither…Nor… polakalimatmengalami inversi(susunbalik)denganpolasebagaiberikut: NotOnlyVerb+SubjectButAlsoSubject+Verb NeitherVerb+SubjectNorSubject+verb Example: TidakhanyaFarisitutampantetapijugadiakaya NotOnlyHandsomebutalsoheisrich 3.SubordinatingConjunction Subordinating Conjunction atau sering pula disebutsebagaiComplex Conjunctionadalahkatahubungyangberfungsimenggabungduaklausayangtidak setara,yakniIndependentClausedanDependentClause.DaftarKosakatapenghubung Subordinatingdiantaranya: Contoh: Boththedriverandthepassagerwereinjuredintheaccident. NotonlyshebutalsoIamstudyingchemistry NotonlyIbutalsosheisstudyingchemistry. EitherMr.AndersonorMs.Wigginsisgoingtoteachourclasstoday. Neithermysisternormyparentshavebeenhere. Neithermyparentsnormysisterhasbeenhere. B.ComplexConjuctions Complexconjunctionadalahkatasambungyangmenghubungkanantara mainclause(indukkalimat)dansubordinateclause(anakkalimat).Bertemunyadua jenis klausa iniakan membentuk kalimat.Adapun anggota complexconjunction meliputikonjungsiselaincompoundconjuction,seperti:when,while,which,what,when, where,that,after,before,till,until,because,although,if,dsb.Pola: MainCl: S+V+(O)+(A) SubCl: Conj+S+V+(O)+(A) Sentence: MainCl+SubClatauSubCl+MainCl Contoh: HewastalkingonthephonewhenIarrived. Westayedthereuntilwefinishedourwork. Aftershegraduates,shewillgetajob. Ihadleftbeforehecame. Hewenttobedbecausehewassleepy. 1.FungsiConjunction Secaragarisbesar,fungsiconjunctiondalambahasaInggrisadalahsebagai: a.Penambahan(cumulative) Sheisbothateacherandawriter. b.Pilihan(alternative) Youcantakeeitherthewhitecandyortheredone. c.Pertentangan(adversative) MrsNiaishumble,buthersisterisn’t. d.Kesimpulan(conclusion) Iamready,solet’sgonow. e.Keterangantambahan(apposition) Theylovedeachotheruntiltheypassedawaytogether. f.Hubungansebabakibat(causeandeffect) Hedidn’tattendthelecturebecausehehadtotakehermothertothehospital. g.Pengaruhatauakibat(impact) ThissoupissohotthatIcannoteatit. h.Maksuddantujuan(purpose) Youhavetodrinkmuchinorderthatyoukeephydrated. i.Syarat(condition) Youwillgetitdoneifyoufocusonfinishingit. j.Pernyataanmengalah(concession) Heworkedalldayeventhoughhewassick. k.Perbandingan(comparison) Myhouseislargerthanyours. l.Cara(manner) Hegottheticketashecameearlier. m.Waktu(time) YoucanusemyPCwhileIamoutside