CONJUNCTION AND ADVERB

Nama : Alwini

Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Semester : 1

Task from Mrs, EnengLiah Khoiriyah, M. Pd

CONJUNCTION

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a “conjunction” must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.

Coordinating Conjunction 

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:

• For presents a reason

(“He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.”).

• And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s)

(“They gamble, and they smoke.”).

• Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea

(“They do not gamble nor do they smoke.”).

• But presents a contrast or exception

(“They gamble, but they don’t smoke.”).

• Or presents an alternative item or idea

(“Every day they gamble or they smoke.”).

• Yet presents a contrast or exception

(“They gamble, yet they don’t smoke.”).

• So presents a consequence

(“He gambled well last night so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.”).

Correlative Conjunction ~

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:

either…or

not only…but (also)

neither…nor (or increasingly neither…or)

both…and

whether…or

just as…so

Examples:

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.

Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.

Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.

Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.

Whether you stay or you go, it’s your decision.

Just as Aussies love Aussie rules football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

Subordinate Conjunction ~

(Subordinate conjunctions connect two unequal parts, e.g., dependent and independent clauses)

after, since, when, although, so that, whenever, as, supposing, where, because, than, whereas, before, that, wherever, but that, though, whether, if, though, which, in order that, till, while, lest, unless, who, no matter, until, why, how, what, even though.

A. NOTE 1: Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes used as simple adverbs. If they do not connect independent clauses, they are not conjunctive adverbs. Then, they are merely adverbs modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb. For instance, in the sentences below, the words accordingly, still, and instead are adverbs. When functioning this way, the adverb needs no punctuation to separate it from the surrounding material.

For example, see the following sentences:

I knew the test would be hard, so I planned accordingly to study for several hours.

I was still studying at six o’clock in the evening!

Joey decided to go to a party instead.

In these examples above, there is no comma needed before the words accordingly, still, and instead. That’s because they are acting like adverbs, modifying verbs like planned and was studying, and decided.

B. NOTE 2: (In Four Parts)

(1) Two independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a pure conjunction. However, a comma by itself will not work. (Using a comma without a conjunction to hook together two sentences creates a comma splice!

Examples:

The gods thundered in the heavens, and the mortals below cowered in fear.

I dodged the bullet, but Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.

Susan appreciated the flowers, yet a Corvette would be a finer gift.

(2) Two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb are separated by a semicolon. However, the writer still needs to insert a comma after the conjunctive adverb.

Examples:

The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.

The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.

Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer a gift.

(3) Two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction are separated by a semicolon.

Examples:

The gods thundered in the heavens; the mortals below cowered in fear.

The bank robber dodged the bullet; Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.

Susan appreciated the flowers; a Corvette would be a finer gift.

In the examples above, you can see that the semicolon does the same job as both a comma and a conjunction.

(4) A dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence is introductory, and like most bits of introductory material, it is usually followed by comma. A dependent clause following the main (independent) clause is usually not punctuated.

Examples Using Introductory Clauses:

While the gods thundered in the heavens, the mortals below cowered in fear.

As the bank robber dodged the bullet, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.

Though Susan appreciated the flowers, a Corvette would be a finer gift.

C. NOTE 3: By placing a subordinate conjunction in front of any independent clause, the writer transforms a perfectly good sentence into a fragment! Be careful, and use your conjunctions wisely. In the sentence fragments below, the clauses are dependent. To fix the problem, the grammarian must either connect them to another clause or delete the subordinate conjunction (in blue).

ADVERB CLAUSE

An adverb is a word that changes or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, sentence or any other word or phrase, except that it does not include the adjectives and determiners that directly modify nouns. Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech, although the wide variety of the functions performed by words classed as adverbs means that it is hard to treat them as a single uniform category.

Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Adverbs are words that modify:

a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)

an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)

another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)

~KIND OF ADVERB~

Adv. Degree

Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question “how much?” or “to what degree?”. Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

– She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)

– Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?)

– He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)

Adv. Manner

Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question “how?”. Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.

– He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)

– They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)

– James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)

Adv. Places

Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question “where?”. Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.

– Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)

– They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)

– Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)

Adv. Time

Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.

They can answer the question “when?”:

– He came yesterday. (When did he come?)

– I want it now. (When do I want it?)

Or they can answer the question “how often?”:

– They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)

– We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)

Adv. Frequency

These adverbs answer the question ‘how often’. Examples are: again, frequently, always, seldom, hardly, often, once etc.

– You are always welcome.

– I have gone there only once.

– We visit them frequently.

– I often go there.